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29,000 Floridians die each year from smoking. In 1998, smoking-attributable deaths due to cardiovascular disease caused an average of 12.5 years of potential life lost. Approximately 75 infant deaths in Florida were the result of women smoking during pregnancy, in 1996. 63% of Florida middle school students were exposed to second hand smoke in a room or a car during the previous 7 days of the survey according to the 2000 FYTS. 72% of all Florida high school students were exposed to second hand smoke in a car or room during the seven days prior to the survey according to the 2000 FYTS. Young females in Florida are more likely than young males to be exposed to second hand smoke according to the 2000 FYTS. Students in the Dade/Monroe region had the lowest second hand smoke exposure according to the 2000 FYTS. Non-smoking students in the Palm Beach/Broward and Dade/Monroe regions had the lowest exposure to second hand smoke according to the 2000 FYTS. Women account for 39 percent of all deaths caused by smoking, in the United States. From 1980 to the year 2000, almost 3 million women have died because of tobacco use. Twenty-four percent of women in developed countries use tobacco compared to only seven percent in developing countries. After only one to two years of smoking cessation, the risk of coronary problems is substantially reduced. 20.4% of women used tobacco while pregnant, in a study conducted in 2000. Pregnant women who smoke increase their chance of spontaneous abortion and fetal death. 14% of premature births in the United States are attributed to maternal smoking. Pregnant women who smoke put their babies at risk for developmental delays. Young children exposed to secondhand smoke face increased risk of asthma and can be prone to respiratory infections and middle ear problems. Over $100 billion is spent each year by companies on workplace alcohol, tobacco, and other drug related problems. Workers who use tobacco and other drugs call in sick three times more often than their co-workers. Workers who use tobacco and other drugs file five times more worker's compensation claims than non-users. Smokers spend approximately $10,000 more in medical bills than non-smokers, over their lifetime. For every dollar spent by companies on Employee Assistance Programs (including programs to quit smoking) companies can cut costs by $5 to $16. Living with a parent who smokes greatly increases the risk that the teen will also smoke. Florida has lower tobacco use than the national average. Studies support a correlation between secondhand smoke and cancers of the nasal sinus. Exposure to secondhand smoke from spouses or an occupational setting appears strongly related to increased risk of lung cancer. Sidestream smoke (secondhand smoke) contains at least 250 chemicals known to be toxic or carcinogenic. Over 50 compounds in secondhand smoke have been recognized as known human carcinogens. Levels of secondhand smoke in restaurants are 1.6-2.0 times higher than other office workplaces. Secondhand smoke levels in bars are 3.0-6.1 times higher than in office workplaces. Almost 4,000 chemicals have been found in tobacco smoke. Forty-one percent of white males use tobacco in some form. Cigar use is approximately the same for white men and for black men, 9.2 percent. The rate of adolescents who smoke daily (in the past 30 days) has decreased from 23 percent to 21 percent. In the year 2000, 7 percent of 8th-graders admitted to smoking daily, a decrease from 18 percent in 1997. The percentage of daily-smoking in middle and high school students decreased from 1999 to the year 2000. Percentages dropped from 8 to 7 percent of 8th-grade students, 16 to 14 percent of 10th- grade students, and from 23 to 21 percent of 12th-grade students. The recent decline in smoking among students nationwide can be seen in both male and female students, black and white students, college bound and non-college bound, and in all four regions of the country. Studies show that college students are less likely to smoke than those not planning to attend college. Higher rates of smoking in rural areas are probably related to the delay of medical and media resources that influence behaviors. Males were ten times more likely than females to use smokeless tobacco, in 2000. 18.6 percent of pregnant women, ages 15 to 44, smoked cigarettes. American Indians and Alaska Natives were more likely than any other race group to use tobacco products in 2000. Those who smoke cigarettes are more likely to use other tobacco products, drugs, and alcohol. Since 1997, the annual number of new daily smokers has been declining. Around the world, every year, 3.5 million people die as a result of tobacco use. Tobacco is predicted to be the leading cause of death and disability by the year 2020. Health care costs for tobacco-related illnesses result in a global loss of $200 billion dollars per year. Smoking while pregnant can cause the baby to have a low birth weight and/or growth retardation. Smoking during pregnancy has been associated with criminal behavior and substance abuse in the children when they become adults. The rate of women smoking during pregnancy has been declining from 18 percent in 1990, to 10 percent in 1999. Thirteen percent of all births in the U.S. in 1999 were to mothers who smoked. In the United States, 3,000 young people begin smoking every day. Tobacco products (cigarettes) are the most highly advertised and promoted product in the United States. Approximately 20% of Floridians, age 18 and older, are currently smokers. In Florida, an average of 344 people out of every 100,000 die each year due to a tobacco-related illness. The three states with the highest smoking prevalence among adults, in 2001, were Ohio, Kentucky, and Nevada. In the United States, between 1995 and 1999, an average of about 264,000 men and 178,000 women died from smoking-related illnesses. During 1995-1999, smoking during pregnancy caused a total of about 1,007 infant deaths each year, in the United States. About 88% of both adult and children non-smokers had detectable levels of serum cotinine, due to secondhand smoke. The process of breathing in secondhand smoke, called "involuntary" or "passive" smoking, is just as detrimental to nonsmokers as it is to smokers, just on a smaller level. Each year in the United States, about 3,000 people die from lung cancer. Secondhand smoke can cause and/or aggrevate breathing problems, such as asthma, in children and adults. Chemicals found in secondhand smoke can poison the heart muscle, increase blood vessel blockage, and make blood "stickier". Parental smoking, usually by the mother, seems to be responsible for between a third and a half of SIDS cases. Children of smokers perform worse on cognitive functioning, have more behavioral problems, and have lower attention spans than children of non-smokers. Lower respiratory tract infections are more frequently found in children whose parents are smokers than in those whose parents are non-smokers. The rate of violation of national retailers dropped from about 40% in 1996 to about 16% in 2001. Florida's rate of underage tobacco sales was reported at 7.7%, much lower than the targeted 20% for 2002. African American students are one third as likely as white students to smoke cigarettes. Male and female students are about equally likely to smoke cigarettes. Students whose parents have a high education level are less likely to smoke than those students whose parents have a low education level. Students who plan to complete four years of college are less likely to smoke cigarettes than students who don't plan to complete four years of college. Parents with a high school diploma or less were more than three times as likely to smoke than parents who had a college degree. About 43% of children ages two months to eleven years old are living in a home with a smoking parent. Smoking among parents decreases with age; younger parents are much more likely to smoke than older parents. Smoking is more common among parents living in households that have received welfare or Food Stamps than were parents in other households. The percentage of women who smoked during pregnancy dropped from 19.5 percent in 1989 to 12.2 percent in 2000. Women aged 15-24 are more likely to smoke during pregnancy than those that are older. It is estimated that every day, more than 3,000 adolescents become daily smokers. Seventy-five percent of daily smokers who think they will not still be smoking in the future, are still smoking five to six years later. Youth smoking can hinder maximum lung function and lung growth. The resting heart rates of adolescent smokers are two to three beats per minute faster than non-smoking adolescents. Smokers have twice the risk of hear attacks of nonsmokers. More than half of adult smokers in the United States are male (54%). Many adults continue to smoke, despite being diagnosed by physicians with chronic conditions. More than half of current adult smokers who had a routine checkup in the past year were advised by a physician to stop smoking. Almost 25% of non-hispanic black adults and non-hispanic white adults smoke compared to appproximately 17% of Hispanics. Approximately 38 percent of adults continue to smoke, despite being diagnosed with emphysema. Approximately 25 percent of adults continue to smoke, despite being diagnosed with asthma . Approximately 20 percent of adults continue to smoke, despite being diagnosed with cardiovascular problems . Approximately 20 percent of adults continue to smoke, despite being diagnosed with hypertension . Approximately 18 percent of adults continue to smoke, despite being diagnosed with diabetes . Teen use of smokeless tobacco is down by about 40% from its highest levels reached in the 1990's. Smoking has decreased from 18.5% to 9.8% among middle school students in Florida, since smoking prevention programs began in 1998. Smoking declined from 27.4% to 19.0% among high school students in Florida since smoking prevention programs began in 1998. The percent of "committed never smokers" rose to 53.6% among Florida middle school students in 2001. The percent of "committed never smokers" rose to 41.8% among Florida high school students in 2001. Girls transitioning from high school to college show the largest increases in smoking, drinking, and drug use. Teens girls, who move frequently from one home to another or from one neighborhood to another, are at a greater risk than teen boys, for smoking and using other drugs. Females experience more lung damage from smoking than males do. Girls' belief that smoking is a way to rebel and disobey parents increases greatly during the transition from elementary to middle school. When purchasing cigarettes, girls are less likely to be asked to show proof of age. Middle school girls and middle school boys are smoking cigarettes at nearly the same rate. Females who smoke are just as likely as males to become addicted to cigarettes, even though females generally smoke cigarettes with lower nicotine content, smoke in lower quantities, and inhale less deeply. Eighty-eight percent of non-smokers are exposed to secondhand smoke. About forty-two percent of kids 12-17 get exposed to secondhand smoke in their homes. Secondhand smoke causes about 2000 cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome per year. From 1998 to 2002, past 30-day cigarette use has declined from 42% to 28%. Nearly seventy percent of kids 12-17 get exposed to secondhand smoke outside their homes. Girls are more likely to receive offers to smoke in a private place or a friend's home, and boys are more likely to receive offers to smoke in public settings. Girls are four times more likely to smoke during adolescence if their mothers smoked during pregnancy. Girls showed a greater increase in tobacco use during school transitions, if they had favorable attitudes about smoking. One of the most common reasons girls give for smoking is stress relief. Girls who smoke to decrease their appetite are more vulnerable targets for the tobacco industry. The more frequently girls attend religious services, the less likely they are to smoke. Girls who are involved in three or more extracurricular activities are half as likely to smoke as girls who do not participate in any activities. Girls are liklier than boys to attempt to quit smoking, but are no more likely than boys to succeed at quitting. More women quit smoking during pregnancy than at any other time in their lives. Smokers may consume more caffeine than nonsmokers, since smoking accelerates the metabolism of caffeine. Girls who drink coffee are more likely to smoke than girls who do not drink coffee. Teenage girls are more likely than women of any other age to smoke during pregnancy. About 66 million Americans reported current use of a tobacco product in 2001. The majority of current tobacco users (56.3 million) smoked cigarettes, in 2001. Cirgarette smoking rates increased, by age, up to age 21 (1.7 percent at age 12 to 43.5 percent at age 21) , then generally declined to 18.3 percent for adults aged 60 to 64 years old. Smokeless tobacco was most prevalent among young adults ages 18 to 25. In the year 2001, 23.8 percent of females were tobacco users, while 35.6 percent of males used tobacco products. Males were 10 times as likely as females to report cigar use in the past month. A significant increase in cigar use among males was reported between 2000 and 2001, from 8.4 to 9.4 percent. Almost 20 percent of pregnant women aged 15 to 44 smoked cigarettes in the past month. Alaska Natives and American Indians were more likely to report tobacco use than any other racial/ethnic group in 2001. Approximately 40.6 percent of unemployed adults reported current cigarette smoking, compared to 28.6 percent of full-time employed adults. Current cigarette smokers were more likely to use other tobacco products, illicit drugs, and alcohol than nonsmokers. There were racial/ethnic differences with regard to brand of cigarettes smoked most often in the past month: 44.5 percent of white smokers and over half of Hispanic smokers used Marlboro; 45.2 percent of black smokers used Newport cigarettes. The three brands of cigarettes most commonly used with youth in the year 2001 were Marlboro (55.2 percent), Newport (22.8 percent), and Camel (9.4 percent). Approximately 61.7 percent of smokers aged 12 to 17 reported that relatives or friends bought them cigarettes at least once during the past month. This was the main method of obtaining cigarettes, for youth, in 2001. An estimated 2.8 million people aged 12 or older smoked bidi or clove cigarettes in the past month, in the year 2001. From 1991 to 2001, the rate of high school students who reported current cigarette use changed from 27.5% to 28.5%, with the peak of current smokers topping 36.4% in 1997. Each year, approximately 3,000 nonsmokers die of lung cancer. Up to 300,000 children suffer from respiratory tract infections due to exposure to secondhand smoke. The lifetime prevalence, of smoking by 8th graders, dropped from 49.2% in 1996, to 31.4% in 2002. The percentage of 10th grade students that had ever smoked, dropped from 61.1% in 1996 to 47.4 % in 2002. The percentage of 12th graders who have ever smoked declined from 65.4 % in 1997 to 57.2 % in 2002. The percentage of 8th graders who had smoked at least once in the past 30 days dropped from 21% in 1996 to 10.7% in 2002. The percentage of 10th graders who who had smoked at least once in the past 30 days declined from 30.4% in 1996 to 26.7% in 2002. The percentage of 8th graders who smoked daily dropped from 10.4% in 1996 to 5.1% in 2002. The percentage of 10th graders who smoke daily declined from 18.3% in 1996 to 10.1% in 2002. The percentage of 12th graders who smoke daily declined from 24.6% in 1997 to 16.9% in 2002. Marlboros, Philip Morris' #1 brand, have been featured in at least 28 of Hollywood's top-grossing movies in the past ten years. Non-smoking teens whose favorite stars frequently smoke on screen are sixteen times more likely to have positive attitudes toward smoking in the future. 31% of teens who saw more than 150 occurences of smoking in movies in theatres, on video, or on television, had tried smoking compared to only 4% among teens who had seen less than 50 occurences. Even after controlling for the effects of parents smoking and other factors, seeing a lot of smoking in the movies tripled the odds that a teen would try smoking. A third of films rated for adolescents, and one in five children's movies rated G or PG, showed cigarette brand logos. In the 20th century, approximately 100 million people died from world-wide tobacco-associated diseases (cancer, chronic lung disease, cardiovascular disease and stroke). Cancer sites with RR (relative risk) of two-three have been identified as being associated with tobacco smoking, including cancers of the stomach, liver, uterine cervix, kidney (renal cell carcinoma) nasal cavities and sinuses, esophagus and myeloid leukemia. |